What Are the Causes of Back Pain?

Back pain can arise from a wide range of underlying issues, as there are many different types and causes.

Doctors and physical therapists commonly encounter the following conditions:

• Herniated Disc: The discs that act as cushions between the vertebrae can rupture due to injury or age-related wear. When the inner core leaks out, it may compress nearby nerves, causing pain.

• Back Injury: Trauma from accidents, falls, overexertion, or sports can lead to acute or chronic back injuries.

• Spinal Stenosis: This condition involves narrowing of the spinal canal, placing pressure on the spinal cord and causing significant discomfort.

• Osteoarthritis: Common in older adults, this degenerative condition leads to the formation of bone spurs and loss of spinal flexibility, often accompanied by stiffness and swelling.

• Soft Tissue Strain: Repetitive motion or sudden movements can strain muscles or ligaments in the back, leading to pain and inflammation.

• Scoliosis: A sideways curvature of the spine, usually present from birth, can result in back pain as the individual ages.

• Osteoporosis: Characterized by weakened bones due to decreased density, this condition can lead to spinal fractures and chronic pain.

• Post-Laminectomy Syndrome: Sometimes, back pain persists or worsens after spinal surgery, accompanied by symptoms like weakness, numbness, or impaired circulation.

• Spondylolisthesis: This condition occurs when a vertebra slips out of place, potentially compressing nearby nerves—most often in the lower back.

• Myofascial Pain Syndrome: A chronic disorder involving muscle tightness and tenderness, which often responds well to physical therapy.

• Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction: Damage or inflammation in the joint connecting the spine and pelvis is a frequent source of lower back pain.

What Are the Risk Factors for Back Pain?

While back pain can affect individuals at any age, several factors can increase the likelihood of developing symptoms:

• Age: As early as the 30s, the intervertebral discs begin to lose hydration and shrink, placing added stress on spinal joints and increasing the risk of arthritis-related back pain.

• Obesity: Excess body weight adds stress to the spine, especially the discs and joints, making back pain more likely.

• Medical Conditions: A family history of arthritis, osteoporosis, or certain cancers can heighten the risk of back problems.

• Sedentary Lifestyle: Inactivity can lead to weakened and stiff back muscles, making the spine more vulnerable to pain and injury.

• Occupational Strain: Jobs that involve heavy lifting, repetitive movements, or prolonged sitting—especially with poor posture—can contribute to back injuries.

• Smoking: Tobacco use impairs blood flow and reduces calcium absorption, accelerating spinal degeneration and increasing the risk of chronic pain.

• Mental Health: Conditions like anxiety and depression are often linked with persistent pain and may exacerbate or even trigger chronic back issues.